"Positive Thinking of a Pessimist" Reading Notes

Notes on "The Optimistic Pessimist"#

Author: Arthur Schopenhauer
Reading Duration: 4 hours

These are my notes and excerpts recorded while reading "The Optimistic Pessimist" on WeChat Reading.

I. General Discussion on Life#

A basic division of happiness and joy in life: the self of a person, what a person possesses, and a person's status. Additionally, a general overview of choices and preparations in life.

III. The Way of Dealing with People#

In the journey of life, we should strive to be tolerant and self-disciplined, avoiding arguments and quarrels with others; this way, we will benefit greatly throughout our lives. The wisdom of dealing with people highlights the brilliance of philosophical thought.

IV. Fate and the World#

Do not lose your composure in success, nor lose your demeanor in failure.

The Blessings of Life#

Aristotle divides the blessings of life into three categories: blessings from the external world, blessings from the mind, and blessings from the body.

Life is a Journey#

What we strive to obtain often turns out to be unsuitable for us when we finally get it.

The years lost in preparing for a great undertaking inadvertently deprive us of the strength to carry it out. A person accumulates wealth through hard work and facing difficulties, yet often cannot enjoy it themselves; the fruits of labor are left for others. Alternatively, a position gained through years of hard work may be beyond their capability to fulfill. For them, happiness comes too late; from another perspective, they arrive too late to enjoy happiness.

The nature of the world we inhabit largely depends on how we choose to view it, leading different people to see different worlds: some find it desolate, dull, and superficial, while others see it as rich, interesting, and meaningful.

The only thing we can do with all our might is to fully express our personal qualities, allowing our endeavors to utilize our intelligence while striving to avoid other distractions. Therefore, we must choose the positions, industries, and lifestyles that best suit our development. The two great enemies of happiness in life are pain and boredom. We can further say that if we are fortunate enough to escape one enemy, we approach another based on how much we have distanced ourselves from the first. In fact, the process of life seems to oscillate violently between these two.

What we strive to obtain often turns out to be unsuitable for us when we finally get it.

The years lost in preparing for a great undertaking inadvertently deprive us of the strength to carry it out. A person accumulates wealth through hard work and facing difficulties, yet often cannot enjoy it themselves; the fruits of labor are left for others. Alternatively, a position gained through years of hard work may be beyond their capability to fulfill. For them, happiness comes too late; from another perspective, they arrive too late to enjoy happiness.

The nature of the world we inhabit largely depends on how we choose to view it, leading different people to see different worlds: some find it desolate, dull, and superficial, while others see it as rich, interesting, and meaningful.

The only thing we can do with all our might is to fully express our personal qualities, allowing our endeavors to utilize our intelligence while striving to avoid other distractions. Therefore, we must choose the positions, industries, and lifestyles that best suit our development. The two great enemies of happiness in life are pain and boredom. We can further say that if we are fortunate enough to escape one enemy, we approach another based on how much we have distanced ourselves from the first. In fact, the process of life seems to oscillate violently between these two.

Know Thyself#

One must make some progress in understanding oneself; one must know what their true, primary, and most critical goals are in life, what happiness they most desire; and after that, what occupies the second and third positions in their thoughts; one must find out what their true mission in life is, what role they should play, and what their general relationship with the world is.

Happiness is but a Dream, Sadness is Reality#

For joy is ultimately negative. The belief that joy produces happiness is an illusion, stemming from envy, and ultimately leads to punishment.

Pain is a tangible feeling; the true standard of happiness is the absence of pain. If we do not suffer pain and do not find life dull, all necessary conditions for happiness are met, and everything else is illusory.

We should never exchange joy for the price of pain, nor should we even risk incurring pain. To do so would be to exchange positive reality for negative illusion. However, sacrificing joy to avoid pain can be beneficial. Whether pain follows joy or precedes it is irrelevant.

Voltaire said: "Happiness is but a dream, sadness is reality."

The happiest fate is not to experience the most delightful joy or the greatest happiness, but to bring life to its end without suffering great physical or mental pain.

For joy is ultimately negative. The belief that joy produces happiness is an illusion, stemming from envy, and ultimately leads to punishment.

Pain is a tangible feeling; the true standard of happiness is the absence of pain. If we do not suffer pain and do not find life dull, all necessary conditions for happiness are met, and everything else is illusory.

We should never exchange joy for the price of pain, nor should we even risk incurring pain. To do so would be to exchange positive reality for negative illusion. However, sacrificing joy to avoid pain can be beneficial. Whether pain follows joy or precedes it is irrelevant.

Voltaire said: "Happiness is but a dream, sadness is reality."

The happiest fate is not to experience the most delightful joy or the greatest happiness, but to bring life to its end without suffering great physical or mental pain.

The Self and the External#

The blueprint upon which "happiness" is constructed is precisely the opposite of what has been described above. Therefore, lowering your demands to a minimum is the most reliable way to avoid extreme misfortune.

A person can only directly perceive their own ideas, feelings, and desires; the influence of the external world can only prompt them to generate those ideas, feelings, and desires.

The blueprint upon which "happiness" is constructed is precisely the opposite of what has been described above. Therefore, lowering your demands to a minimum is the most reliable way to avoid extreme misfortune.

A person can only directly perceive their own ideas, feelings, and desires; the influence of the external world can only prompt them to generate those ideas, feelings, and desires.

Two Types of Misfortune#

Therefore, if we do not want to lose all the joys of life due to the fear of misfortune, we should consider the former type of misfortune as something that will never happen, and the latter type as something that will not happen immediately.

If unfortunate events have already occurred and cannot be changed, we should not think that things could evolve into other situations, nor should we think about how we could have avoided them. Such thoughts only increase our distress, making things unbearable and turning us into self-tormentors.

The occurrence of events is an inevitable result, unavoidable.

Therefore, if we do not want to lose all the joys of life due to the fear of misfortune, we should consider the former type of misfortune as something that will never happen, and the latter type as something that will not happen immediately.

If unfortunate events have already occurred and cannot be changed, we should not think that things could evolve into other situations, nor should we think about how we could have avoided them. Such thoughts only increase our distress, making things unbearable and turning us into self-tormentors.

The occurrence of events is an inevitable result, unavoidable.

Moderate Balance#

The wise person strives to avoid pain, rather than seeking joy.

Enjoy the Moment#

"Today" appears only once and will not return. We easily forget that each day is an indispensable part of life, and thus irreplaceable.

Techniques for Attaining Happiness#

Limiting the realm of external activities reduces the mind's exposure to external stimuli; limiting the scope of our intellectual efforts alleviates the sources of internal stimulation.

In this regard, purely intellectual professions, for those whose intellect can match, often contribute significantly more to happiness than general practical careers.

Simplicity, even monotony, can contribute to our happiness.

Limiting the realm of external activities reduces the mind's exposure to external stimuli; limiting the scope of our intellectual efforts alleviates the sources of internal stimulation.

In this regard, purely intellectual professions, for those whose intellect can match, often contribute significantly more to happiness than general practical careers.

Simplicity, even monotony, can contribute to our happiness.

Self-Reflection#

Every night before sleeping, reflect on the day's actions. Living carelessly every day, busy with work or pleasure, without any reflection on the past—like continuously pulling cotton from the scroll of life—leaves one unaware of their direction.

Pursuing fame, seeking pleasure, and living a high life are all fundamentally misguided paths to happiness. This is because such pursuits attempt to transform our painful existence into a series of joys, delights, and happiness—this process inevitably leads to disappointment and delusion. In this regard, it is comparable to the inevitable accompaniment it brings: everyone lies to each other. Just as our bodies are covered by clothing, our minds are hidden behind a veil of lies. The veil always exists; we can only sometimes guess others' thoughts through the veil, just as we perceive their shapes through their clothing.

Every night before sleeping, reflect on the day's actions. Living carelessly every day, busy with work or pleasure, without any reflection on the past—like continuously pulling cotton from the scroll of life—leaves one unaware of their direction.

Pursuing fame, seeking pleasure, and living a high life are all fundamentally misguided paths to happiness. This is because such pursuits attempt to transform our painful existence into a series of joys, delights, and happiness—this process inevitably leads to disappointment and delusion. In this regard, it is comparable to the inevitable accompaniment it brings: everyone lies to each other. Just as our bodies are covered by clothing, our minds are hidden behind a veil of lies. The veil always exists; we can only sometimes guess others' thoughts through the veil, just as we perceive their shapes through their clothing.

Getting Along with Oneself#

A person only reveals their true nature when alone; if they do not enjoy solitude, they will not appreciate freedom. For a person only possesses true freedom when alone.

The Ideal Society#

In a society, what annoys great talents and intellects is "equality of rights," as these rights directly lead to everyone claiming to be extraordinary, which is universally loved. In natural circumstances, differences in intelligence imply that social rights should vary accordingly.

The so-called ideal society is worst not only because it brings us companions who cannot be praised or loved, but also because it does not allow us to maintain our nature and true self. To achieve harmony, it forces us to curl up and even completely deform.

In a society, what annoys great talents and intellects is "equality of rights," as these rights directly lead to everyone claiming to be extraordinary, which is universally loved. In natural circumstances, differences in intelligence imply that social rights should vary accordingly.

The so-called ideal society is worst not only because it brings us companions who cannot be praised or loved, but also because it does not allow us to maintain our nature and true self. To achieve harmony, it forces us to curl up and even completely deform.

False Excellence#

Therefore, in most societies, those who are willing to be self-sufficient will gain substantial benefits.

Apart from oneself, no one can fully resonate with another— even the best friends or lifelong partners. Differences in personality and temperament will always lead to some disharmony, albeit minor. The true peace of mind, the complete tranquility of the heart, is the second greatest blessing that life can offer us after health, and it can only be achieved in solitude. To make tranquility a lasting emotion, one must completely withdraw from society. At this point, if the person has any strengths or talents, their lifestyle will be the happiest in this miserable world.

Therefore, in most societies, those who are willing to be self-sufficient will gain substantial benefits.

Apart from oneself, no one can fully resonate with another— even the best friends or lifelong partners. Differences in personality and temperament will always lead to some disharmony, albeit minor. The true peace of mind, the complete tranquility of the heart, is the second greatest blessing that life can offer us after health, and it can only be achieved in solitude. To make tranquility a lasting emotion, one must completely withdraw from society. At this point, if the person has any strengths or talents, their lifestyle will be the happiest in this miserable world.

Another Type of Misfortune#

The wise person primarily seeks to avoid pain and worry, to attain peace and leisure, which is a calm, simple, and undisturbed life. Therefore, after gaining some understanding of "the world," they choose not to seek fame; if they possess great talent, they may even live in solitude. The more fulfilled a person's inner self is, the less they need from others— the less others can do for them. This is why high wisdom often leads to social isolation. Of course, if the "quality" of wisdom can be compensated by "quantity," it is still worth living in this vast world. Unfortunately, a hundred fools do not equal one wise person. Once an ordinary person is free from the pain of poverty, they will spare no effort to seek entertainment, make friends, and socialize, fearing to be alone. For in solitude, each person can only rely on themselves, and their true nature is revealed. A pitiable personality is a lifelong burden: even a fool born into privilege will still be weighed down by their character, while a wise person, filled with vibrant thoughts, can populate barren lands.

Either Be Alone or Be Mediocre#

Seneca said: "Stupidity is a burden." This is indeed a profound truth, comparable to a saying from the Bible: "The life of a fool is far inferior to death." Generally speaking, some people like to make friends simply because they are of low intelligence and conform to the crowd. Our choices in this world are often limited to the extremes of solitude and mediocrity, going with the flow.

Great Minds are Destined to be Lonely#

Those with great minds live in this world but do not truly belong to it. From an early age, they feel a clear difference between themselves and others, but it is only gradually that they come to understand their position. Their loneliness in intellect is then reinforced by a lifestyle of actual withdrawal. Those who are not somewhat liberated from popular mediocrity are difficult to approach.

Based on long-term experience with others, we no longer hold high expectations of them. We find that deeper interactions with people yield little reward.

Those with great minds live in this world but do not truly belong to it. From an early age, they feel a clear difference between themselves and others, but it is only gradually that they come to understand their position. Their loneliness in intellect is then reinforced by a lifestyle of actual withdrawal. Those who are not somewhat liberated from popular mediocrity are difficult to approach.

Based on long-term experience with others, we no longer hold high expectations of them. We find that deeper interactions with people yield little reward.

The Benefits of Solitude#

For intelligent people, the benefits of solitude are doubled. First, it allows them to be at peace; second, they do not have to be with others— this is very important. For dealing with the world requires us to suppress ourselves, facing dislike and even danger. La Bruyère aptly said: all our misfortunes stem from our inability to be alone.

Cicero even said: a person who can be completely self-sufficient and possesses unique talents cannot live an unhappy life. The more independent a person is, the less importance others have for them. This sense of self-sufficiency allows many truly talented individuals not to make significant sacrifices to interact with the world, let alone actively restrain themselves from participating in those activities.

A love for solitude is clearly not the most direct or primal impulse of human nature, but rather a secondary habit developed over time. It is a prominent characteristic of noble minds, which must overcome certain natural desires and often requires a practical resistance against the temptations of the devil. The latter seeks to persuade us to abandon the melancholic and mind-destroying "solitude" in exchange for "companionship," moving towards society. The devil says that even the worst social activities will provide some sense of human connection: such a painful life will abandon you, like a vulture pecking at your chest! The worst society will still reveal you; you are one among the masses. — Goethe, "Faust"

For intelligent people, the benefits of solitude are doubled. First, it allows them to be at peace; second, they do not have to be with others— this is very important. For dealing with the world requires us to suppress ourselves, facing dislike and even danger. La Bruyère aptly said: all our misfortunes stem from our inability to be alone.

Cicero even said: a person who can be completely self-sufficient and possesses unique talents cannot live an unhappy life. The more independent a person is, the less importance others have for them. This sense of self-sufficiency allows many truly talented individuals not to make significant sacrifices to interact with the world, let alone actively restrain themselves from participating in those activities.

A love for solitude is clearly not the most direct or primal impulse of human nature, but rather a secondary habit developed over time. It is a prominent characteristic of noble minds, which must overcome certain natural desires and often requires a practical resistance against the temptations of the devil. The latter seeks to persuade us to abandon the melancholic and mind-destroying "solitude" in exchange for "companionship," moving towards society. The devil says that even the worst social activities will provide some sense of human connection: such a painful life will abandon you, like a vulture pecking at your chest! The worst society will still reveal you; you are one among the masses. — Goethe, "Faust"

The Troubles of Seclusion#

Our temperament, too, becomes very sensitive after prolonged seclusion; even the smallest incidents, the most trivial words or gestures, can disturb and offend us— these small matters usually go unnoticed by ordinary people.

Socializing and Age#

The commonality between people lies in the lowest, least noble aspects of their character— those mediocre, trivial, and vulgar parts. What joy can we gain from mingling with these mediocrities? Those people cannot elevate themselves to a higher level but instead pull everything down to their own low level. That is their goal; what more can we expect from them?

Enduring Loneliness#

One must cultivate the ability to maintain a sense of solitude while interacting with others. On one hand, learn how to remain oneself in the company of friends without immediately expressing your thoughts; on the other hand, do not overanalyze the words of others, do not hold overly high expectations of them morally or intellectually, and strengthen your indifference to others' opinions— this is the best way to practice the spirit of tolerance that everyone praises.

In this regard, society is like a fire— the wise person warms themselves at a proper distance, unlike fools who get too close to the fire, and once burned, run away shivering and shouting that fire can hurt. People become friendly towards others because they cannot endure solitude. They grow to dislike themselves, and the emptiness within drives them to socialize and travel abroad.

The individuals we encounter can be said to possess only a small part of what it means to be human. They need a considerable number of people to gather a significant weight to feel qualified to be human. The excellent person does not represent a small part but refers to the whole; they themselves are complete.

One must cultivate the ability to maintain a sense of solitude while interacting with others. On one hand, learn how to remain oneself in the company of friends without immediately expressing your thoughts; on the other hand, do not overanalyze the words of others, do not hold overly high expectations of them morally or intellectually, and strengthen your indifference to others' opinions— this is the best way to practice the spirit of tolerance that everyone praises.

In this regard, society is like a fire— the wise person warms themselves at a proper distance, unlike fools who get too close to the fire, and once burned, run away shivering and shouting that fire can hurt. People become friendly towards others because they cannot endure solitude. They grow to dislike themselves, and the emptiness within drives them to socialize and travel abroad.

The individuals we encounter can be said to possess only a small part of what it means to be human. They need a considerable number of people to gather a significant weight to feel qualified to be human. The excellent person does not represent a small part but refers to the whole; they themselves are complete.

Jealousy is Human Nature#

We should always remember: hatred born of jealousy is the hardest to eliminate. Therefore, we must always be cautious and act with moderation to avoid provoking others' envy. Just like dealing with many other vices, it is best to completely abandon any comfort we might gain in this regard, as the consequences are severe.

Every noble person has a large group of envious onlookers around them; if you are one of them, they will secretly harbor resentment against you unless restrained by fear. They will eagerly make you understand: you are no better than them. Due to their eagerness to make you understand this, you can see that they are clearly aware of their inferiority to you.

We should always remember: hatred born of jealousy is the hardest to eliminate. Therefore, we must always be cautious and act with moderation to avoid provoking others' envy. Just like dealing with many other vices, it is best to completely abandon any comfort we might gain in this regard, as the consequences are severe.

Every noble person has a large group of envious onlookers around them; if you are one of them, they will secretly harbor resentment against you unless restrained by fear. They will eagerly make you understand: you are no better than them. Due to their eagerness to make you understand this, you can see that they are clearly aware of their inferiority to you.

Imagination Cannot Judge#

However, once you have made a decision and begun to act, you must stick to it— do not worry excessively about recalling what has already been accomplished or reconsidering many possible dangers; let your mind completely detach from the issue, resisting the urge to think about it again, and remember that you have made mature considerations at the appropriate time. A similar piece of advice is found in an Italian proverb, which Goethe translated as: "Saddle the horse and ride confidently."

Each day is a small life: each time we wake and rise is a small birth, each morning is a brief youth, and each time we rest and sleep is a small death.

However, once you have made a decision and begun to act, you must stick to it— do not worry excessively about recalling what has already been accomplished or reconsidering many possible dangers; let your mind completely detach from the issue, resisting the urge to think about it again, and remember that you have made mature considerations at the appropriate time. A similar piece of advice is found in an Italian proverb, which Goethe translated as: "Saddle the horse and ride confidently."

Each day is a small life: each time we wake and rise is a small birth, each morning is a brief youth, and each time we rest and sleep is a small death.

Control Imagination#

Here, I suggest controlling imagination while also urging us not to dwell on past misfortunes, such as injustices or injuries we have suffered. The losses we have endured, the humiliations, disdain, and troubles we have experienced, are enough to paint a dark picture; we should not depict it. If we do so, we will awaken those hateful emotions that have long been dormant— the anger and hatred that disrupt and destroy our nature, bringing them into our real lives.

The Value of Loss#

Sometimes we should regard our possessions as potentially lost. Regardless of what it is— wealth, health, friends, spouses, children, or other loved ones— in most cases, we only begin to realize their value when we lose them.

Organizing Thoughts#

We must organize our thoughts well, as if placing them in different small drawers, allowing us to open one drawer without affecting any others.

Self-Discipline#

We must limit our desires, suppress our cravings, and temper our anger. Always remember that anything worth having can only be obtained in infinitesimal portions by each person. However, on the other hand, everyone will encounter many misfortunes in life. In short, we must "endure and endure again." If we cannot do this, no amount of wealth or power can spare us from suffering, which is also what Horace meant in "Epistles" (Book 1, Epistle 18). He advises: be careful to examine and diligently explore how to best promote a peaceful life; lest we be tormented all day by useless desires, fears, or hopes for worthless things.

Making a Difference#

The fact is, our nature is essentially "restless": when idle, we quickly feel bored, which is an unbearable dullness. This impulse to achieve should be regulated, introducing some order into it, which will enhance our satisfaction.

Happiness is the Flower of Health#

What influences our happiness is not the objective nature or essence of things, but rather how they affect us and how we perceive them. This is what Epictetus said: "Things do not affect people; it is our thoughts about things that affect us."

Dual Life#

Their wisdom also has a dual character to a considerable extent; one part is used to deal with daily affairs, which is related to the desires faced by all people; the other part is used to handle their special work—pure and objective contemplation of human existence. On the stage of this world, most people play a small role and then exit. Great geniuses live a dual life, being both actors and spectators.

The Lasting Nature of Character#

The so-called happiness and hardships of life do not depend on our experiences but on how we respond to them, on how we perceive their nature and degree.

For the same reason, we find it easier to endure misfortunes that come entirely from external sources, while it is more difficult to cope with misfortunes we have brought upon ourselves. Fortune always changes, but character does not. Therefore, subjective blessings—noble character, sharp intellect, pleasant disposition, optimistic spirit, and sound body—are the most essential factors constituting happiness. Thus, compared to acquiring external wealth and honors, we should pay more attention to enhancing and maintaining our physical and mental health.

The so-called happiness and hardships of life do not depend on our experiences but on how we respond to them, on how we perceive their nature and degree.

For the same reason, we find it easier to endure misfortunes that come entirely from external sources, while it is more difficult to cope with misfortunes we have brought upon ourselves. Fortune always changes, but character does not. Therefore, subjective blessings—noble character, sharp intellect, pleasant disposition, optimistic spirit, and sound body—are the most essential factors constituting happiness. Thus, compared to acquiring external wealth and honors, we should pay more attention to enhancing and maintaining our physical and mental health.

Joy is directly and immediately gained; it is like cash for "happiness," unlike other blessings which are merely checks. Only joy can make us happy at this moment; our existence occupies an infinitely short instant between two eternities. Seizing and promoting such joy should be our highest goal in pursuing happiness.

Beauty is also partially related to happiness. Those born beautiful can be said to have advantages, although it cannot directly promote our happiness. Beauty promotes happiness indirectly, as it generates goodwill. It brings many benefits, even for men. Being beautiful is like an open letter of recommendation, instantly making people like the holder of that letter.

Joy is directly and immediately gained; it is like cash for "happiness," unlike other blessings which are merely checks. Only joy can make us happy at this moment; our existence occupies an infinitely short instant between two eternities. Seizing and promoting such joy should be our highest goal in pursuing happiness.

Beauty is also partially related to happiness. Those born beautiful can be said to have advantages, although it cannot directly promote our happiness. Beauty promotes happiness indirectly, as it generates goodwill. It brings many benefits, even for men. Being beautiful is like an open letter of recommendation, instantly making people like the holder of that letter.

Illusion#

We should never be manipulated by fleeting impressions, nor should we be swayed by the appearances of things; these impressions and appearances have a power over us that far exceeds the simple effects of thoughts or series of concepts.

Geniuses are Melancholic#

Sacrificing the "inner self" for the "outer self," that is, giving up all or part of one's peace and autonomy for glory, position, pomp, titles, and honors, is a great folly.

Happiness Comes from Within#

The things we can obtain from the external world are very limited. The external world is filled with sadness and pain; if we leave, those troubles await us everywhere. Moreover, evil generally prevails, and the cries of foolishness are the loudest. Fate is cruel, and humanity is pitiful.

Every pleasure must first involve some activity, that is, the exercise of certain abilities. Without these, pleasure cannot exist.

The things we can obtain from the external world are very limited. The external world is filled with sadness and pain; if we leave, those troubles await us everywhere. Moreover, evil generally prevails, and the cries of foolishness are the loudest. Fate is cruel, and humanity is pitiful.

Every pleasure must first involve some activity, that is, the exercise of certain abilities. Without these, pleasure cannot exist.

Two Lives#

Voltaire said well: "Without true needs, there can be no true pleasure." Nature, art, and literature possess different beauties; the reason some people appreciate these pleasures while others do not is that the former have these needs. Offering these pleasures to those without such needs or appreciation is like expecting an old man to indulge in passionate love. Those with these talents live in two lives: one is their own life, and the other is the life of wisdom. The latter will gradually be seen as the real life, while the former is merely a means to lead to the life of wisdom.

Pleasure always involves how we utilize our abilities, while "happiness" lies in the repetition of "pleasure." In this regard, the pleasure brought by sensibility undoubtedly surpasses the other two basic types. The other two types also exist in animals, even more prominently. What distinguishes us from other animals is this unique sensibility. Our intellect encompasses various forms of sensibility, and abundant sensibility allows us to enjoy mental pleasures, the so-called "intellectual pleasures." The more abundant the sensibility, the greater the pleasure.

Voltaire said well: "Without true needs, there can be no true pleasure." Nature, art, and literature possess different beauties; the reason some people appreciate these pleasures while others do not is that the former have these needs. Offering these pleasures to those without such needs or appreciation is like expecting an old man to indulge in passionate love. Those with these talents live in two lives: one is their own life, and the other is the life of wisdom. The latter will gradually be seen as the real life, while the former is merely a means to lead to the life of wisdom.

Pleasure always involves how we utilize our abilities, while "happiness" lies in the repetition of "pleasure." In this regard, the pleasure brought by sensibility undoubtedly surpasses the other two basic types. The other two types also exist in animals, even more prominently. What distinguishes us from other animals is this unique sensibility. Our intellect encompasses various forms of sensibility, and abundant sensibility allows us to enjoy mental pleasures, the so-called "intellectual pleasures." The more abundant the sensibility, the greater the pleasure.

The Wealth of the Mind#

Young people should be trained early to be able to be alone, as solitude is a source of happiness and peace of mind.

The inner wealth of the mind is true wealth. Everything else may bring more harm than good. — "Proverbs," Chapter 12

Young people should be trained early to be able to be alone, as solitude is a source of happiness and peace of mind.

The inner wealth of the mind is true wealth. Everything else may bring more harm than good. — "Proverbs," Chapter 12

What is Sought and What is Obtained#

Poverty clings to people's lives like a plague; wealth can free one from this chronic affliction, liberating us from the forced labor of natural fate.

How Others See Us#

When we see people striving for certain things, going to great lengths and taking risks, it is merely to gain others' attention. When we see that not only the pursuit of positions, titles, and medals but also the acquisition of wealth, knowledge, and artistic cultivation is all aimed at winning greater respect from others— isn't this clear evidence that humanity's foolishness has reached a tragic level?

Those who desire praise are too easily made depressed or excited by trivial matters. — Horace, "Epistles"

When we see people striving for certain things, going to great lengths and taking risks, it is merely to gain others' attention. When we see that not only the pursuit of positions, titles, and medals but also the acquisition of wealth, knowledge, and artistic cultivation is all aimed at winning greater respect from others— isn't this clear evidence that humanity's foolishness has reached a tragic level?

Those who desire praise are too easily made depressed or excited by trivial matters. — Horace, "Epistles"

Vanity#

We should clarify that honor itself has no real direct value; all it has is indirect value. If we can largely rid ourselves of this common ignorance, the result will enhance our peace of mind and happiness, a situation we cannot currently imagine. People will face the world more firmly and confidently, and overall, their attitudes will not be so shy and restrained.

The World's Fools#

Those who are qualified to be proud should be proud.

In any case, personality is far more important than national or ethnic identity. As individuals, personality is especially worth considering. Ethnic identity involves billions of people; you cannot praise others while remaining honest. National identity is merely another name for the narrow, rebellious, and vile characteristics of humanity expressed in various countries. If we despise one national identity while praising another, we will soon feel the same disdain for that identity. Every nation mocks others, and everyone's mockery is justified.

Those who are qualified to be proud should be proud.

In any case, personality is far more important than national or ethnic identity. As individuals, personality is especially worth considering. Ethnic identity involves billions of people; you cannot praise others while remaining honest. National identity is merely another name for the narrow, rebellious, and vile characteristics of humanity expressed in various countries. If we despise one national identity while praising another, we will soon feel the same disdain for that identity. Every nation mocks others, and everyone's mockery is justified.

The Definition of Honor#

Honor has both objective and subjective aspects; the objective aspect of honor is others' opinions of our value, while the subjective aspect of honor is our respect for others' opinions.

The general view of women's honor is that it is purity in youth and chastity after marriage. The importance of this view is based on the consideration that women depend on men in many ways, while men only need to rely on each other for one thing. Thus, an arrangement of mutual dependence is established— men bear all the needs of women and their future children, which is an arrangement for the welfare of all women. To implement this plan, women must unite, demonstrating collective spirit and a united front against a common enemy— men. The latter, with their superior physical strength and intellect, possess all the good things in the world, and women must do their utmost to surround and conquer men to achieve both human and financial gains.

Honor has both objective and subjective aspects; the objective aspect of honor is others' opinions of our value, while the subjective aspect of honor is our respect for others' opinions.

The general view of women's honor is that it is purity in youth and chastity after marriage. The importance of this view is based on the consideration that women depend on men in many ways, while men only need to rely on each other for one thing. Thus, an arrangement of mutual dependence is established— men bear all the needs of women and their future children, which is an arrangement for the welfare of all women. To implement this plan, women must unite, demonstrating collective spirit and a united front against a common enemy— men. The latter, with their superior physical strength and intellect, possess all the good things in the world, and women must do their utmost to surround and conquer men to achieve both human and financial gains.

Enduring Insults#

Seneca said well: "The more contemptible and ridiculous a person is, the more they enjoy speaking ill of others." The targets of their insults are usually those noble individuals mentioned earlier, as people of different ranks cannot become friends; the vile often harbor resentment when they see the virtues of others. Thus Goethe said: why be dissatisfied with enemies? Our nature always secretly makes them feel ashamed; can they still hope to become our friends? — Goethe, "West-Eastern Divan"

Cicero said: "The pain left by insults and slander is difficult to bear, even for the wise."

Truly appreciating one's own value allows us to be indifferent to the insults of others. However, if we cannot help but resent the insults of others, a little worldly wisdom and education will help us conceal our anger and maintain our dignity. As long as we can eliminate the superstition surrounding honor (the belief that when one is insulted, their honor disappears, and only by retaliating can honor be restored), insults and denigrations will feel like a fight where the loser claims victory. This will be like what Vincenao Monti said: "To scold someone" is like a church procession; it will always return to its starting point. If people can view insults this way, we need not retaliate with coarse words to prove we are not in the wrong.

Seneca said well: "The more contemptible and ridiculous a person is, the more they enjoy speaking ill of others." The targets of their insults are usually those noble individuals mentioned earlier, as people of different ranks cannot become friends; the vile often harbor resentment when they see the virtues of others. Thus Goethe said: why be dissatisfied with enemies? Our nature always secretly makes them feel ashamed; can they still hope to become our friends? — Goethe, "West-Eastern Divan"

Cicero said: "The pain left by insults and slander is difficult to bear, even for the wise."

Truly appreciating one's own value allows us to be indifferent to the insults of others. However, if we cannot help but resent the insults of others, a little worldly wisdom and education will help us conceal our anger and maintain our dignity. As long as we can eliminate the superstition surrounding honor (the belief that when one is insulted, their honor disappears, and only by retaliating can honor be restored), insults and denigrations will feel like a fight where the loser claims victory. This will be like what Vincenao Monti said: "To scold someone" is like a church procession; it will always return to its starting point. If people can view insults this way, we need not retaliate with coarse words to prove we are not in the wrong.

Reputation is Accidental#

What we should value is the essence that can earn us a reputation, not the reputation itself.

Reputation and Fortune#

Some people feel they possess good understanding and correct judgment, but are not the most talented; they should not fear hard work. Those who diligently study can easily stand out and reach the quiet places that can only be accessed through hard study. In this field, there are very few competitors; even a person of moderate talent can soon find theories that are both novel and consistent with the data. Understanding the subject they study involves only a few scholars in the same field; their applause, when it reaches the distant public, is very faint. However, if they follow this path, by the end, the various materials they possess will be sufficient to establish a reputation without needing to construct any theories— because they are difficult to obtain and understand. This is akin to a person traveling to a distant and unknown country; their experiences can make them famous, while their thoughts become useless.

Reputation Does Not Bring Happiness#

Reputation cannot make a person happy; what brings happiness is the excellent qualities that can earn them a reputation— to be more specific, the excellent qualities that people rely on in terms of virtue or intelligence. A person's best nature must be of utmost importance to them; as for how others view them, the reflection of their personal nature has little impact on them. The ability to gain a reputation while not having one is an important factor in achieving happiness and should serve as a secondary comfort for those who have not attained reputation.

The happiness of great individuals does not lie in being remembered by future generations, but in the thoughts they create that are worth cherishing and will be studied by others over a long period.

The work completed with all one's effort in youth, which still feels youthful in old age, should be the greatest comfort in life.

Reputation cannot make a person happy; what brings happiness is the excellent qualities that can earn them a reputation— to be more specific, the excellent qualities that people rely on in terms of virtue or intelligence. A person's best nature must be of utmost importance to them; as for how others view them, the reflection of their personal nature has little impact on them. The ability to gain a reputation while not having one is an important factor in achieving happiness and should serve as a secondary comfort for those who have not attained reputation.

The happiness of great individuals does not lie in being remembered by future generations, but in the thoughts they create that are worth cherishing and will be studied by others over a long period.

The work completed with all one's effort in youth, which still feels youthful in old age, should be the greatest comfort in life.

The Appreciators of Failure#

When we praise others, we diminish ourselves.

If I must wait for others' permission to be born, I would still not be in this world. You may know how they ignore me, how they flaunt themselves, and how they display their goods.

Odorous de Gloria particularly emphasizes the following statement: "Reputation eludes those who pursue it, yet seeks those who evade it." This is indeed a profound truth. The former group conforms to the tastes of contemporary people, while the latter group dares to resist.

When we praise others, we diminish ourselves.

If I must wait for others' permission to be born, I would still not be in this world. You may know how they ignore me, how they flaunt themselves, and how they display their goods.

Odorous de Gloria particularly emphasizes the following statement: "Reputation eludes those who pursue it, yet seeks those who evade it." This is indeed a profound truth. The former group conforms to the tastes of contemporary people, while the latter group dares to resist.

Reputation is but a Snack for Vanity#

If the value of our existence depends on others' evaluations, our lives are pitiful. However, if we regard the value of existence as reputation, as the approval of the world, then the lives of heroes or geniuses are like this.

From the perspective of human happiness, reputation is merely a precious snack that satisfies the appetite of pride and vanity. This appetite, no matter how carefully concealed, is extremely strong in everyone; those determined to achieve fame at all costs may have the strongest appetite. Those who desperately seek fame often go through a period of uncertainty regarding their own value, needing the arrival of opportunities to confirm it, to show others what they are made of. Until then, they will always feel they have suffered injustice in the world.

In the journey of life, if we are willing and able to do two things: look ahead and tolerate differences, we will benefit greatly. The former prevents us from suffering losses and harm, while the latter allows us to avoid arguments and quarrels.

If the value of our existence depends on others' evaluations, our lives are pitiful. However, if we regard the value of existence as reputation, as the approval of the world, then the lives of heroes or geniuses are like this.

From the perspective of human happiness, reputation is merely a precious snack that satisfies the appetite of pride and vanity. This appetite, no matter how carefully concealed, is extremely strong in everyone; those determined to achieve fame at all costs may have the strongest appetite. Those who desperately seek fame often go through a period of uncertainty regarding their own value, needing the arrival of opportunities to confirm it, to show others what they are made of. Until then, they will always feel they have suffered injustice in the world.

In the journey of life, if we are willing and able to do two things: look ahead and tolerate differences, we will benefit greatly. The former prevents us from suffering losses and harm, while the latter allows us to avoid arguments and quarrels.

There Will Always Be Fools and Villains in the World#

If we are to live with people, we must allow everyone the right to exist according to their own character, regardless of what that character may be. What we should strive for is to make good use of their character in ways permitted by their nature, rather than hoping for their personalities to change or directly criticizing their faults. This is the true meaning of the saying "live and let live." However, while this saying contains profound truth, it is difficult to achieve. A person who can forever avoid dealing with certain individuals is indeed very fortunate and happy.

Do Not Anger the Stone#

For many people, the wisest thought we can offer is: "I do not want to change them; I want to make good use of them."

No One Can See Above Their Own Height#

"No one can see above their own height." Let me explain this phrase: what you can see among others is limited to what you possess. The height of your wisdom strictly determines the extent to which you understand others. If our wisdom is low, even the highest wisdom of others will have no effect on us. Apart from the most despicable aspects of their character— in other words, apart from the parts of their personality that contain flaws, we cannot see anything else in them. Our entire evaluation of them is limited to their shortcomings; their superior intelligence does not exist for us, just as colors do not exist for the blind.

Considering that most people are so worldly, base, and mediocre, we must temporarily become mediocre ourselves; otherwise, we cannot communicate with them. You will fully appreciate the truth and appropriateness of the following statement: to be a person requires humbling oneself; for some, the only point of contact with you is the part of your character that you dislike the most. Avoiding interactions with them can bring you joy. The only way to deal with fools, the only way to reveal your intelligence, is to avoid associating with them; you will soon understand this. This means that in our interactions with others, we sometimes feel like a skilled dancer invited to a ball, only to find that everyone present is lame; who can we dance with?

"No one can see above their own height." Let me explain this phrase: what you can see among others is limited to what you possess. The height of your wisdom strictly determines the extent to which you understand others. If our wisdom is low, even the highest wisdom of others will have no effect on us. Apart from the most despicable aspects of their character— in other words, apart from the parts of their personality that contain flaws, we cannot see anything else in them. Our entire evaluation of them is limited to their shortcomings; their superior intelligence does not exist for us, just as colors do not exist for the blind.

Considering that most people are so worldly, base, and mediocre, we must temporarily become mediocre ourselves; otherwise, we cannot communicate with them. You will fully appreciate the truth and appropriateness of the following statement: to be a person requires humbling oneself; for some, the only point of contact with you is the part of your character that you dislike the most. Avoiding interactions with them can bring you joy. The only way to deal with fools, the only way to reveal your intelligence, is to avoid associating with them; you will soon understand this. This means that in our interactions with others, we sometimes feel like a skilled dancer invited to a ball, only to find that everyone present is lame; who can we dance with?

Appropriate Contempt#

We may distance friends with a slightly arrogant and careless demeanor; however, if we are overly kind and attentive, the other party often becomes arrogant, making it unbearable and ultimately leading to a breakup.

Stay Away from the Vile#

To gain an advantage in dealing with others, the only method is to let the other party see that we do not depend on them.

People Do Not Forget Themselves#

People can forget anything, without exception, but they will not forget themselves and their character. Character cannot be changed. All human actions stem from inner principles; thus, when situations are the same, they will always do the same thing without change.

Interacting with Others#

However, if in real life or in works, you encounter any particularly vile or foolish temperament, you must be careful not to let this situation trouble or sadden you; just regard it as material that increases your knowledge, a new fact to consider when studying human nature. Our attitude toward these vile and foolish behaviors should be no different from a mineralogist who accidentally discovers a very special mineral specimen. Understanding a behavioral rule for interacting with people, or even discovering this rule and accurately writing it down, is very easy; however, soon after, one finds that implementing this rule requires concepts and maxims to constrain it, and it is better to live as one wishes. Here, like all discussions that seek practical effects, the first step is to understand the rules, and the second is to learn how to put them into practice. Dedicating oneself to reasoning may quickly lead to understanding the theory, but achieving it requires time. No one has sufficient conditions to develop independently and act entirely according to their own way. Everyone needs guidance from pre-conceived plans and to follow some general rules. However, if someone adheres too rigidly to the rules, striving to cultivate a character that does not align with their nature, this character is merely acquired through artificial effort and progresses solely through reasoning; they will soon discover that Horace's words can confirm: driving away nature with a stick, it will still return. — "Epistles," Book 1

Performance and Concealment#

Gracian said well: "To be liked, we must display the simplest behaviors, most akin to animals." A person who shows intelligence and shrewdness can make themselves popular in society— if you think this way, you are still inexperienced. For most people, the possession of these virtues in others only provokes hatred and indignation, and because they need to conceal the true reasons for their anger (even from themselves), it becomes even more unbearable. If a person truly possesses intelligence, they will not think they need to flaunt it; they know their solid foundation and are quite satisfied. A Spanish proverb fits here perfectly: the clattering iron hoof is missing a nail. Of course, I have said before that no one should completely loosen the reins and reveal their true self. Because within our nature, there are many evil and violent sides that need to be hidden.

True Friendship#

True friendship must fundamentally possess a strong sympathy for another's fortune, and this sympathy is entirely transcendent, without conflicts of interest. This means absolute identification of the self with the friend. The self-centeredness of human nature is strongly antagonistic to such sympathy. True friendship belongs to the realm of the mythical, and no one knows whether it is absurd or whether it truly existed somewhere.

Testing Friendship#

Indeed, at that moment, you will find that it is not so easy for so-called friends to suppress a hint of joy on their faces. The best way to make people happy is to tell them you are currently troubled or to candidly reveal your personal weaknesses. How revealing this is about human nature!

The Fate of Intelligence#

The wise do not wish to associate with fools, and fools dislike meeting the wise a hundredfold.

Trust and Doubt#

Our trust in others is largely due to our own pure laziness, selfishness, and vanity. I say laziness because we do not inquire into the facts, do not act with active caution, and prefer to trust others; selfishness because, under the pressure of circumstances, we seek someone to confide in; and vanity because requiring others to keep secrets is something we take pride in. Nevertheless, we expect others to be faithful to the trust we place in them. If others do not trust us, we should not be angry, for that means they sincerely praise "faithfulness," believing it to be scarce— its scarcity makes us doubt that "faithfulness" exists at all.

Politeness is Just a Smiling Mask#

Being polite is not an easy task, as politeness requires us to show respect to everyone, while most people are not worthy of respect. Politeness emphasizes kindness and concern for others, while secretly wishing to avoid further interaction with them. Combining self-respect with politeness is a masterpiece of wisdom.

Do Not Fantasize About Teaching the World#

Never argue with anyone's opinions, for all the absurd things they believe, you could not correct one by one even if you lived as long as Peng Zu. People may speak incorrectly, and you should avoid correcting them, regardless of how pure your motives may be. Because this can easily offend people, and changing others, even if possible, is extremely difficult. If you inadvertently hear others' absurd conversations and feel angry, you should imagine yourself listening to two clowns in a comedy. This method has proven effective.

If you notice someone trying to conceal something from you but not succeeding very well, pretend you do not believe them. Your opposing attitude will stimulate them to reveal the truth and speak honestly to address your doubts.

Never argue with anyone's opinions, for all the absurd things they believe, you could not correct one by one even if you lived as long as Peng Zu. People may speak incorrectly, and you should avoid correcting them, regardless of how pure your motives may be. Because this can easily offend people, and changing others, even if possible, is extremely difficult. If you inadvertently hear others' absurd conversations and feel angry, you should imagine yourself listening to two clowns in a comedy. This method has proven effective.

If you notice someone trying to conceal something from you but not succeeding very well, pretend you do not believe them. Your opposing attitude will stimulate them to reveal the truth and speak honestly to address your doubts.

Wisdom in Dealing with the World#

We should treat all private matters as secrets, even if you share a close bond with your acquaintances. You should treat them as complete strangers, revealing nothing beyond what they can discern themselves. Because after a while, circumstances may change, and you might find that even the most trivial things they know can be detrimental to you.

Do not share anything with enemies, nor with your friends. If I keep a "secret," it remains under my control; if it leaks, I am imprisoned. The tree of silence bears the fruit of peace.

If possible, harbor no malice towards anyone, but carefully observe and remember others' behaviors, so you can assess their value (at least for yourself) and determine your attitude towards them. Never forget: a person's character cannot change; forgetting others' bad traits is like throwing away hard-earned money. By doing this, you can protect yourself from foolish intimacy and the disastrous consequences of indiscriminate friendships.

"Do not easily love, nor easily hate" is half of the wisdom in dealing with the world; "do not easily speak, nor easily trust others' words" is the other half.

We should treat all private matters as secrets, even if you share a close bond with your acquaintances. You should treat them as complete strangers, revealing nothing beyond what they can discern themselves. Because after a while, circumstances may change, and you might find that even the most trivial things they know can be detrimental to you.

Do not share anything with enemies, nor with your friends. If I keep a "secret," it remains under my control; if it leaks, I am imprisoned. The tree of silence bears the fruit of peace.

If possible, harbor no malice towards anyone, but carefully observe and remember others' behaviors, so you can assess their value (at least for yourself) and determine your attitude towards them. Never forget: a person's character cannot change; forgetting others' bad traits is like throwing away hard-earned money. By doing this, you can protect yourself from foolish intimacy and the disastrous consequences of indiscriminate friendships.

"Do not easily love, nor easily hate" is half of the wisdom in dealing with the world; "do not easily speak, nor easily trust others' words" is the other half.

We Cannot Truly Own Anything#

The so-called happiness and joy are merely mirages; they can be seen from a distance but disappear upon approach. On the other hand, torment and pain are undeniably real, their reality leaving no room for delusions or false hopes.

Fortune#

The course of our lives is never entirely of our own making; it is the product of two factors— a series of events that occur and the decisions we make regarding each event, both of which often interact in our view. This may be due to our plans not being far-sighted enough, or perhaps we lack the ability to predict future events adequately: what we know is strictly limited to current plans and current events. Therefore, once we deviate from our goals, we cannot steer back towards them. We should be satisfied if we can be generally correct. In the direction we aim to go, we often need to proceed in a winding manner.

Wealth is Like Sea Water#

Those who have experienced poverty tend to fear it less, and thus are more prone to extravagance than those born into wealthy families who have no personal experience of hardship. Generally, those who have had a good situation from childhood are more cautious about the future than those who suddenly become rich. This seems to suggest that poverty is not so terrible in the long run.

Life is Like a Game#

Terence said: "Life is like a game of dice; if the numbers that appear are not what you want, you can still use your wits to make the best of it."

Intuition#

At crucial moments in life, when we decide on important steps, our actions are not guided by rational knowledge but by an impulse that comes from within, which can almost be called intuition.

"Premonition" gives our lives a certain magical stability and consistency that we cannot achieve when our minds are unsettled in wakefulness. In a state of perception, we are prone to errors or misdirection. It is due to this premonition that people feel they will achieve great success in a particular field. From a young age, there is a mysterious feeling within them that this is their true path. They strive in that direction, just as a similar intuition guides a bee to build its hive. Gracian refers to this impulse as "the great talent of self-preservation." We intuitively believe it can save us; without it, we would be lost.

In fact, it is the sum or result of all our thoughts, feelings, and will. For these internal principles, we usually know nothing; only when we reflect on the paths we have taken in life do we realize we have always been guided by them, as if they form an invisible thread we have unconsciously followed.

At crucial moments in life, when we decide on important steps, our actions are not guided by rational knowledge but by an impulse that comes from within, which can almost be called intuition.

"Premonition" gives our lives a certain magical stability and consistency that we cannot achieve when our minds are unsettled in wakefulness. In a state of perception, we are prone to errors or misdirection. It is due to this premonition that people feel they will achieve great success in a particular field. From a young age, there is a mysterious feeling within them that this is their true path. They strive in that direction, just as a similar intuition guides a bee to build its hive. Gracian refers to this impulse as "the great talent of self-preservation." We intuitively believe it can save us; without it, we would be lost.

In fact, it is the sum or result of all our thoughts, feelings, and will. For these internal principles, we usually know nothing; only when we reflect on the paths we have taken in life do we realize we have always been guided by them, as if they form an invisible thread we have unconsciously followed.

All Things are Fleeting#

Time causes great changes; in essence, all things are fleeting— these trustworthy words should be remembered forever. Therefore, regardless of your circumstances, you should imagine the opposite for yourself: in prosperity, think of misfortune; in harmony, think of enmity; in fair weather, think of overcast skies; in love, think of hate; in moments of trust, imagine others' treachery, regretting how much you believed them. Similarly, in adversity, maintain the lightness of all joyful moments— this is indeed an inexhaustible resource of wisdom in dealing with the world! Thus, we should reflect more, so we are not easily deceived. Because, generally speaking, we should anticipate the changes that age brings.

People only know the consequences; they believe those consequences are based on a presumption: that the reasons unknown to them are sufficient to lead to the consequences and can also maintain the status quo of those consequences. This is a very common error.

Time causes great changes; in essence, all things are fleeting— these trustworthy words should be remembered forever. Therefore, regardless of your circumstances, you should imagine the opposite for yourself: in prosperity, think of misfortune; in harmony, think of enmity; in fair weather, think of overcast skies; in love, think of hate; in moments of trust, imagine others' treachery, regretting how much you believed them. Similarly, in adversity, maintain the lightness of all joyful moments— this is indeed an inexhaustible resource of wisdom in dealing with the world! Thus, we should reflect more, so we are not easily deceived. Because, generally speaking, we should anticipate the changes that age brings.

People only know the consequences; they believe those consequences are based on a presumption: that the reasons unknown to them are sufficient to lead to the consequences and can also maintain the status quo of those consequences. This is a very common error

"Positive Thinking of a Pessimist" Reading Notes

Notes on "The Optimistic Pessimist"#

I. General Discussion on Life#

III. The Way of Dealing with People#

IV. Fate and the World#

The Blessings of Life#

Life is a Journey#

Know Thyself#

Happiness is but a Dream, Sadness is Reality#

The Self and the External#

Two Types of Misfortune#

Moderate Balance#

Enjoy the Moment#

Techniques for Attaining Happiness#

Self-Reflection#

Getting Along with Oneself#

The Ideal Society#

False Excellence#

Another Type of Misfortune#

Either Be Alone or Be Mediocre#

Great Minds are Destined to be Lonely#

The Benefits of Solitude#

The Troubles of Seclusion#

Socializing and Age#

Enduring Loneliness#

Jealousy is Human Nature#

Imagination Cannot Judge#

Control Imagination#

The Value of Loss#

Organizing Thoughts#

Self-Discipline#

Making a Difference#

Happiness is the Flower of Health#

Dual Life#

The Lasting Nature of Character#

Related to Happiness#

Illusion#

Geniuses are Melancholic#

Happiness Comes from Within#

Two Lives#

The Wealth of the Mind#

What is Sought and What is Obtained#

How Others See Us#

Vanity#

The World's Fools#

The Definition of Honor#

Enduring Insults#

Reputation is Accidental#

Reputation and Fortune#

Reputation Does Not Bring Happiness#

The Appreciators of Failure#

Reputation is but a Snack for Vanity#

There Will Always Be Fools and Villains in the World#

Do Not Anger the Stone#

No One Can See Above Their Own Height#

Appropriate Contempt#

Stay Away from the Vile#

People Do Not Forget Themselves#

Interacting with Others#

Performance and Concealment#

True Friendship#

Testing Friendship#

The Fate of Intelligence#

Trust and Doubt#

Politeness is Just a Smiling Mask#

Do Not Fantasize About Teaching the World#

Wisdom in Dealing with the World#

We Cannot Truly Own Anything#

Fortune#

Wealth is Like Sea Water#

Life is Like a Game#

Intuition#

All Things are Fleeting#